This book systematically examines poverty measurement evolution from simple headcount ratios to sophisticated indices capturing health, education, and living standards simultaneously. It introduces cutting-edge approaches like the collective household model with assignable goods, revealing how resources are actually distributed within families and identifying poverty among individuals in seemingly non-poor households. Through detailed country case studies and practical applications, readers gain insights into determinants of poverty, inequality measurement, and the complex relationships between growth, distribution, and poverty reduction. Ultimately, the book provides a comprehensive guide to measuring poverty's multiple dimensions and crafting evidence-based interventions. It advances beyond traditional monetary approaches to explore multidimensional poverty measurement, the collective household model, and innovative methodologies that reveal hidden patterns of deprivation. More than an academic treatise, this book serves as a practical guide for academics, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners designing targeted interventions. It bridges the gap between theoretical frameworks and real-world applications, offering tools for poverty diagnostics, program design, and impact evaluation across diverse contexts.