Carol Symes =========== Carol Symes is Professor of History and Director of the Program in Medieval Studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on the history of documentary practices and communication media in medieval Europe. Éloïse Adde ===========

Éloïse Adde is Associate Professor in the Department of Historical Studies at the Central European University in Vienna. Her research focuses on state-building and nations, political thought and discourse, and the rise of "individuals" and individualism in late medieval Brabant and Bohemia.